March 14, 2014 by J. V. Jones, Jr.

Achieving Mastery in Life

Book Review

[Greene, Robert (2012): Mastery. New York: Viking Press.]

[Key Words: Mastery; Dimensional Mind; apprenticeship; mentor; calling; Life Task; inclinations]

Introduction

Consider the field of endeavor in which you are presently engaged. Then contemplate these questions. How do you assess your skill level at what you do? Would you claim that you have mastered the work in which you are involved? If not, do you desire to achieve a skill level by which you would be considered a master of your craft? On a further note, contemplate a diverse set of career paths and consider the following question: What common ground might exist among a professional musician, a boxing coach, a fighter pilot, a highly trained linguist, a robotics engineer, a Zen practitioner, and a sculptor, among others? Moreover, what do Lenardo da Vinci, Mozart, Michael Faraday, Charles Darwin, Henry Ford, and Buckminister Fuller have in common? And if we set our mind to it, could we possibly have something in common with them? Robert Greene, in his thought-provoking book, Mastery, sets out to answer such questions. In doing so, as a Classical Studies major and writer who has devoted a lifetime to the study of power, he introduces readers to power’s ultimate manifestation: becoming a master at one’s chosen craft.

The Elusive Nature of Mastery

If we can come to understand, as Greene suggests, what it takes in our lifetime to master our field of endeavor, then why does mastery appear to elude so many of us? The biographies of those who have achieved mastery that Greene explicates ring a clarion bell that such achievement is open to all of us. The strategies toward a lifetime of mastery that he delineates provide a well-lighted path that we can follow. And the keys to mastery that he shares open a secret door for all of us to enter. Yet mastery slips through the fingertips of so many hands seeking to grasp it. Although achieving mastery is simple on one level, its apparent simplicity masquerades its thorny difficulties. And as we read through Greene’s detailed account, both the simplicity and complexity surrounding such achievement become clear.

The Structure of Mastery

Greene’s masterful work (pun intended) paints a thorough and comprehensive portrait of how people have acquired high levels of achievement in their lives. In do doing, he provides a pathway to mastery through six chapters. Each chapter delineates a necessary milestone along the road toward mastering one’s Life Task. Within each of the six chapters, Greene describes in biographical form the struggles that particular individuals endured to find their way to high levels of achievement in their chosen fields. Some of these people are indeed household names, while others may be unknown to most. But one common theme among the biographical details rings clear: mastery is available for any to pursue, whether one is a child protege like Mozart, or one of common intelligence, like Charles Darwin or Freddie Roach. Greene sets out to explode the myth that mastery is attainable only to the gifted, superior, or genius. Mastery can be accomplished by those who set their mind to it. But it requires deep commitment to long, hard work.

In addition to biographical data, each chapter contains what Greene designates as “Keys to Mastery” and “Strategies” for accomplishing the tasks set by each chapter. Finally, each chapter closes with a thematic discussion of what Greene calls “Reversal”. Reversal refers to the difficulties and obstacles that individuals had to overcome on their path toward mastery. Such difficulties may be personal, familial, or social. Once again, Greene explodes the common notion, and sometimes the excuse we may use, that achievement only happens to the highly gifted, privileged, and lucky.

Chapter titles depict the task or goal to be explored that one must navigate toward a life of achievement. In addition to the “Introduction”, Greene sets out six tasks for achieving mastery: 1) Discover Your Calling: The Life Task; 2) Submit to Reality: The Idea of Apprenticeship; 3) Absorb the Master’s Power: The Mentor Dynamic; 4) See People as They Are: Social Intelligence: 5) Awaken the Dimensional Mind: The Creative-Active; and 6) Fuse the Intuitive with the Rational: Mastery. Greene is a realist and addresses the fortuitous events that occur in people’s lives that aid their path toward achieving mastery. But the other side of the coin is that the individual accounts that Greene provides show that they were ready for, recognized, and seized upon any luck that came their way, and put it to use for their betterment.

Navigating the Tasks toward Mastery

As stated above, each chapter provides detailed strategies for how to achieve the six tasks that make up the book’s meat. What Greene finds common among those who achieve mastery is that they follow their inclinations. That is, they discover their Life Task and do not waiver from it regardless of internal or external pressures. Secondly, in pursuing their goals, masters find an apprenticeship that allows them to learn from others who are themselves masters. However, once the apprenticeship is complete, it is equally important for the apprentice to break from the influence of the mentor and move on and surpass the mentor through innovation and creativity. Likewise, those who achieve mastery must develop the ability to measure well their social contexts. Who is good support? Who might be an enemy? How does one navigate the social milieu in which one is immersed? What battles should be fought, and which ones should not be engaged so as not to waste valuable time and creative energy? As one moves past the apprenticeship, the dimensional mind becomes paramount for the person pursuing mastery to engage in active and creative endeavors. The dimensional mind seeks to make connections among diverse experiences and phenomena, broadening one’s perspective, in addition to the detailed perspective that comes through specialization. And finally, the one who achieves mastery synthesizes the intuitive and the rational. Masters tend to intuitively know how to choose, engage, and solve important problems. Masters appear to achieve their goals, conquer problems, and continually accomplish and produce in an effortless manner. However, such apparent ease, rather than being due to magic or genius, is drawn on a bank of countless hours of practice, apprenticeship, and pursuit of endeavors in which masters experience both failure and success.

Conclusion

Between the covers of Robert Greene’s book, Mastery, lies a wealth of information. And it is information that we should take to heart if we desire the fulfillment in life that comes with doing things well, accomplishing tasks that speak to our self-efficacy, and providing the kind of work that contributes to others’ well being. This book review comes on the heels of another review I did of Cal Newport’s So Good They Can’t Ignore You. Both authors sound forth a clarion call for the necessity of developing and building skills, creating the craftsman’s mindset. One important contrast between the authors is Greene’s expressive belief in a “calling”, or finding one’s Life Task. Such a concept may appear at odds with Newport’s negation of a “passion” that one must find, preceding one’s pursuit of mastery. Greene, however, likens a calling to those inclinations we have; moreover, he emphasizes that calling alone will not help one achieve mastery. Individuals must practice, apprentice, and develop their skills through thousands of hours of endeavor. Mastery provides a thorough study for anyone who wants to engage a field of endeavor and reach, through concerted effort, the level of being a master. I wish Greene would have addressed concerns for us who are older now, and how we can expect to achieve a level of mastery in our lives. However, he does state that although it’s beneficial to begin such quests early in life, the good news is that it’s never too late for anyone who sets his or her mind toward achieving mastery. And regardless of our age, background, or IQ, the path is the same: hard work. The road is clear on the one hand, but full of obstacles that we do not recognize on the other hand. We, along with proteges and geniuses, must travel the road that Greene lays out.

It’s not an easy road. But if it were that easy, there wouldn’t exist those whom we consider masters of their craft.

John V. Jones, Jr., Ph.D., LPC-S/March 14, 2014

THE ARTS: Literature/Book Review

February 14, 2014 by J. V. Jones, Jr.

Transitions: The World of Work

Book Review

[Newport, C. (2012). So Good They Can’t Ignore You. New York: Grand Central Publishing]

[Key Words: Passion Hypothesis; craftsman mindset; career capital; control; mission; Cal Newport]

[This article marks the second in a series on Transitions I will be developing for this blog. The first essay in this series addressed Age and Retirement. The transition to be explored here involves entering the world of work or transitioning into a new career. The article takes the form of a book review of Cal Newport’s So Good They Can’t Ignore You. I believe what he says in this thought-provoking book is wise counsel for anyone entering the market or transitioning to a new career path.]

Introduction

In our culture work or career forms a major important aspect of our identity. Likewise, there is no shortage of advice from various career consultants, counselors, and coaches on how to choose a career, how to match one’s personality to a particular job, and how to find fulfillment and happiness in one’s chosen field of endeavor. Many times these discussions focus on personality types, work environments, market niches, and a myriad of other details that can produce information overload for those seeking meaningful work. But rarely do we come across information that emphasizes the importance of job seekers taking stock of the skills they bring to their career quest. One particular work I read recently is an exception: Cal Newport’s So Good They Can’t Ignore You.

Newport’s Thesis: “Skills Trump Passion”

Newport’s work deconstructs a highly accepted and admired myth in our culture that has developed over the past several decades. As though it is wisdom flowing from an oracle, a common truism regarding pursuing a career has remained unchallenged and unquestioned for some time now. We are told time and again that the only way we will find fulfilling and meaningful work is to follow our passion. Newport designates this idea as the passion hypothesis, which states that people possess a hidden, preexisting passion that they must discover and match to the work world so as to find work they will love. Once we discover our passion, fulfilling work ensues, and we become successful because we have hit upon the work we were meant to do. Newport turns this notion on its head. In order to corral the kind of job we desire, skill development must come first. Fulfilling work, rather than emerging from a given passion, comes from possessing skills and being good at what we do. Newport challenges people, rather than to seek a preexisting passion, to develop skills so as to become good at something. Such skills open the the door to job opportunities not heretofore considered. Good work skills are a springboard into avenues we wouldn’t recognize otherwise without having developed our skills.

We might be tempted to ask: If Newport is right, how do we decide which skills to develop? Many times people fall into modes of work by simply pursuing jobs they need to pay bills, and then discover they are good at performing in certain areas. Other times, we might indeed have an interest, but mere interest in a particular type of work does not mean that we possess the skills to succeed in what we’re interested. If we are interested in a particular field of endeavor, rather than focusing on whether or not it’s a match to some inner passion we possess, we should instead focus on what skills it takes to pursue our field of interest. Then we should develop the skills necessary to excel in that field. Too many people give up on their so-called “passion” because they lacked the skills to carry it out, believing that passion rather than effort would bring about their desired success.

Exploding the “Passion Hypothesis”: Newport’s Four Rules
Rule # 1: Don’t Follow Your Passion

Cal Newport’s book, So Good They Can’t Ignore You, indeed turns common advice regarding the job hunt on its head by challenging what he calls the passion hypothesis. He organizes his thought around his four rules for finding work one loves. Rule # 1 states simply, don’t follow your passion. Within the framework of this rule, he discusses several people who appeared to be products of the passion hypothesis, yet on further investigation, he demonstrates that they obtained their success through a series of tasks by which they developed rare and valuable skills. Likewise, he presented cases where people followed their passion, but lacked the important skills to reach their goals of doing what they love. We might counter – what about those who have followed their passion and succeeded? Newport does not deny that there are cases where a preexisting passion my have served a person well, but he claims that such cases are rare. What is not rare is the necessity of skill development so that people become exceptional at what they do, which, in turn, opens a channel into satisfying and fulfilling endeavors.

Rule # 2: Be So Good They Can’t Ignore You

If we don’t possess a given passion to which we must match certain work, then what do we do to find work fulfillment? Newport answers with Rule # 2, the core of his book: Be So Good They Can’t Ignore You. And how do we accomplish that? It is here where Newport’s discussion resonates strongly with what I believe. We accomplish Rule # 2 the only way it can be accomplished – by developing skills that are valuable to the world of work. Skill development, however, does not come about by wishing for it or discovering hidden jewels within. It comes about through effort. Newport discusses the importance of what he calls the craftsman mindset. People must develop the habits of building their craft. Constructing one’s craft means exploring all the necessary skills required to become, not only good at what one does, but also as accomplished as one possibly can. Skill development not only takes effort, but it also requires time, perhaps mentoring, and hit-and-miss failures that are valuable learning lessons. It is here that we may balk at finding the work we love. We can talk about our passion to accomplish something grand, but when we have to face the time, effort, and hard work that skill development requires, then we find out if we’re willing to do what it takes to accomplish our tasks. Skill-building involves effort and time that is not necessarily fun, and quite frankly can be boring at times. But the payoff comes with the opportunities skills provide. The more skills we develop, the more opportunities we have available. Such skills Newport designates as career capital, which are descriptions of rare and valuable skills one possesses for the working world. This important capital transforms into currency for creating the kind of work we will find fulfilling. Newport is emphatic that the craftsman mindset and career capital are created, not simply discovered as already existing. We must build our skills and create our career capital.

Rules 3 & 4 Build On Rule # 2

Newport’s Rule # 3 & Rule #4 address other characteristics important for pursuing the kind of work people love. However, they cannot be accomplished without valuable skills and the career capital generated by those skills. In other words, Rule # 2 is foundational to Rules 3 & 4. Rule # 3 speaks to the importance of control for finding work we love. Newport straightforwardly defines control as having a say in what you do and how you do it. He views control as one of the key characteristics of fulfilling work. But it comes about on the basis of our career capital. In other words, we obtain control – purchase it if you will – via the career capital one has built. If we try to obtain control in our work world without a well-developed skill set, we’ll most likely miss the mark. Newport warns his readers about two types of control traps. One trap involves our trying to obtain control without the necessary career capital to pull it off. Risk taking and going for something worthwhile are indeed courageous acts of the will, but wisdom must also accompany courage. Even with a well-developed skill set, control is a risky endeavor with unseen obstacles. A second control trap is laid when we possess solid career capital. It is at this point that companies or corporations may influence us to stay on with them rather than go out on our own so as to gain more control over our work lives. Newport applies a simple rule here: Turn down the promotion. And move on.

A fourth rule that contributes to our creating the work we love is what Newport calls a mission. A mission provides a unifying goal for one’s career. Newport recognizes here that it’s important that people find their work meaningful on some level. However, again, a mission does not preexist; it can only come about via career capital that we have built up so that a mission becomes definable via our knowledge and skill set.

Transitioning into the World of Work

From the counseling perspective, the work world falls primarily into the personal dimension. But as with most endeavors, it can touch, influence, and be influenced by all four dimensions [physical, social, personal, spiritual]. As one who enjoys counseling people who are trying to find their way in the world of work, reading Newport’s So Good They Can’t Ignore You, led me to recognize mistakes I have made regarding my own work pursuits, as well as the way I have worked with clients in the past. I too have fallen victim to the passion hypothesis during my life. Yet simultaneously, I recognize how strongly I resonate with Newport’s emphasis on the craftsman mindset. I think it is here where we can answer the question regarding how much effort we’re willing to put into our pursuit of fulfilling work. The rubber meets the road in terms of the amount of time and effort required for skill development. I recognize in myself, as well as my clients, that I would prefer to be at Point A – the top of my game. But the real question is: Am I willing to do what is required to reach Point A? We must become craftsmen. Before making a major move regarding work and career, we must assess the career capital we presently possess; we must take stock of the skills we lack as well, and begin building them.

There is one important fact we must recognize about Newport’s work. He does not claim that passion about our work is unimportant. He claims that for most of us, rather than preexisting, we develop our passion through becoming skilled at what we do. Secondly, and equally important, Newport is not defining success merely by wealth. Although there may be other questions I have regarding Newport’s thesis, I firmly believe that there is no escaping the need to build one’s craft. The necessity of the craftsman mindset touches on all fields of endeavor – writers, musicians, actors, entrepreneurs, or cognitive scientists. It is equally important that we honestly take stock of the skills we both possess and lack. And in doing so, it’s imperative that we find those people we trust to provide honest, harsh – yet constructive – feedback regarding our work.

Conclusion

Newport’s So Good They Can’t Ignore You is an important work that has reshaped the way I think about the world of work for myself and for my clients. If you haven’t read it yet, pick it up. You will be challenged on several levels.

John V. Jones, Jr. Ph.D., LPC-S/February 14, 2014

PROFESSIONAL COUNSELING: Transitions

THE ARTS: Literature/Book Review

January 14, 2014 by J. V. Jones, Jr.

Lessons from Proverbs: Acquire Wisdom

The primary thing is wisdom: Acquire wisdom;

And with all your acquiring, get understanding.

– – Proverbs 4:7

[Key Words: Book of Proverbs; wisdom; comfort with ambiguity; certainty; patience; life-skills versus technical skills]

Introduction

For many, the Book of Proverbs must serve as an emollient against the various scars we take on in living. The book informs us about the importance of wisdom for living out our lives, and facing all that life brings our way. If the work of counseling entails being present with people as they struggle with what life throws at them, and if life-struggles require that we develop the necessary skills to navigate such struggles, then the Book of Proverbs, indeed, has something to offer all of us, whether therapist or client.

As a professor and professional counselor, a question that periodically emerges for me is: Exactly what do I impart to my students, interns, and clients? How do I know if I am serving them well? The approach I take as a counselor draws on what are called the four dimensions of existence (discussed in another essay on this blog), one of which is the spiritual dimension. As one with core spiritual beliefs, I find these questions, rather than having simple answers, call on one to engage the many struggles involved with personal meaning in life.

In my work with both Practicum students and graduate interns, one of the more frustrating experiences I observe in them is their desire to do something for the client, to provide them with an exit from or a way around their dilemmas. Obviously, as a professor, I desire that my students learn, and, as a therapist, I hope to be of legitimate help to my clients. But I believe the frustration surfaces for students and interns when they want to provide quick, clear, cut answers for their clients. Moreover, they want to see their answers (rather than the client’s) work. If they work, then they feel as though they have provided something concrete for the client. Now I recognize that not only students and interns experience this gravitational attraction toward the quick fix. Seasoned therapists do as well. And I experience the same pulls as a professor and a counselor. Legitimately, counselors want to know and be assured that they are doing something for their clients, that the time they are spending together, and the money that the client is paying, are bearing some sort of fruit. But when might counselors’ desires for such proof bring about difficulties for them? And what might I impart to my students and interns to encourage them as they engage these common professional tensions?

Angst and Ambiguity

Although it spawns our growth of knowledge, the quest for certainty can become an enemy of patience. The excessive desire for certainty can throw us into turmoil that we seek to alleviate by turning into an oracle. As such, we hope to provide answers as though they are pills dispensed from a medicine bottle. The process of counseling, however, involves periods of doubt, searching, and ambiguity, both on the part of the client and the counselor. Patience is, indeed, a virtue when we are required to be still and wait out such ambiguous experiences. Admittedly, I strongly believe that one of the most important skills counselors can develop is the ability to sit comfortably with ambiguity. If they can develop it early in their training, it will serve their professional experience well. Therapists need to be comfortable with allowing clients to stew, reflect, struggle, and figure out things for themselves.

Although I do not believe that the work I do as a counselor is identical to what I do as a professor, there are some parallels between the two pursuits. Students want clear-cut answers to the questions and processes they explore as counselors-in-training. Just as counselors experience pressure from clients to shine the light of day on life’s riddles, professors, likewise, feel the pressure from students to provide crystal-blue clarity to the ambiguous processes of human interaction. At times, one may be tempted to throw out a quick formulaic response rather than let the students wrestle with how they conceptualize the work they hope to do. As a professor, I do not view my position as one where I pour answers to academic questions into the minds of my students. I believe one of the more important skills that professors can develop is to find ways that set students on the path of thinking and learning for themselves. The parallels between my work as a counselor and a professor emerge from the fact that life involves learning, and learning, rather than being merely academic, is about life.

No doubt at times, the pull from people to provide them with a panacea is overbearing. When we detect in our clients’ expressions and eyes that they are lost, confused, hurting, and perhaps hopeless, we feel a weighty desire to reach into their struggles so we can say: this is it; do this; go this way; take this path; this choice is a good one. And such a pull, no doubt, provokes angst. We, as counselors, do not relish angst-provoking situations anymore than our clients do. Many times, however, providing such on-the-spot answers might be the exact wrong thing to do. More times than not, what people may seek when they experience doubt or confusion is comfort and acknowledgement that their struggles are real. Another person’s validation may be more helpful to people at such times than another person’s formula or prescription for their dilemmas.

Patience in Human Interaction

Although I appreciate outcome research in therapy that emphasizes interventions and techniques for working with clients, I believe that much of counseling revolves around human interaction. The variety of ways that clients gain something fruitful from counseling is not easily generalized from research. There is more to human interaction and experience than science can measure. Moreover, much of outcome research focuses on particular diagnostic categories delineated in the DSM-V; however, many clients who enter therapy do not suffer from a diagnosis. (And whether or not the diagnostic categories themselves are scientifically sound is a hotly debated topic.) Many people search out counselors because they are struggling with various concerns in life. The nature of many struggles calls on people to do just that – struggle. Although we all possess that human tendency to avoid or circumvent our struggles, their resolution tends to lie in facing them head-on and working through them. The counseling setting is a place where clients can find the time and space to reflect, explore, and seek to reach conclusions about their paths in life.

I do not mean to imply that counselors do not have something to offer clients, or that counselors do not bring particular skills to the therapeutic arena. The counselor’s role might involve validating clients’ struggles, being present with them in their emotional pain, and serving as a guide for them as they work through their dilemmas. And no doubt, at times, interventions and specific technical skills are highly useful and appropriate. But as I stated above, one of the more important skills that counselors can develop is comfort with ambiguity. I am not sure that the word skill accurately captures that ability. Such presence on the part of the counselor is perhaps better described as an attitude toward experience, or better yet, a way of being. It requires that we, as counselors, become centered in our own being, aware of what we are experiencing in the session, noticing our reactions to clients, including the pull from them that we do something. It requires our being genuine about not knowing what exactly to say at times, much less do. It requires self-integrity and honesty. And such presence requires that we develop the ability to wait things out – in a word, patience. Such a life skill is far different than a technical skill; it pertains to a way of living and is developed through life experience.

I realize that phrases like an attitude toward experience or a way of being might not comfort students or interns’ uneasiness about what they experience with clients. Interns ask questions we have all wondered about as counselors. What do I do when my client is so depressed, he won’t do anything? What should I do if my client is suicidal? What does it mean when my client gets angry and leaves the session early? What can I do when my client is so anxious, she talks the entire session, so I can’t say anything? No doubt, questions such as these beg for quick and efficacious answers. Legitimately, these questions deserve discussion, pondering, and exploration. They also call on counselors to be grounded in who they are, to be aware of their experiences in the session, and to have some understanding of how they personally work as therapists. Such grounding can go a long way in helping us face the tensions we experience in our work with clients. Our awareness of these tensions also informs us that they are the same tensions cached in living.

Conclusion: Acquire Wisdom

Like all human understanding, our knowledge of human interaction is grounded on tectonic plates that shift, which is our development. We are always gaining understanding and developing our knowledge. The Book of Proverbs is an open invitation to gain knowledge, understanding, and wisdom for dealing with the many vicissitudes of life and the varieties of difficulties that emerge due to human interaction. It tells us that the wise will increase in learning; it’s never a finished process. The overarching theme of the book is wisdom, which can form a core bedrock foundation on which we can rest. From my perspective, wisdom is the opposite of certainty. Wisdom allows us to stand in the midst of life struggles when we are not certain how they will turn out. The Book of Proverbs calls us to acquire wisdom, get understanding, and continually grow in knowledge. Acquire, get, and grow are words that call for action. Obtaining understanding, knowledge, and wisdom requires action on our part. Simultaneously, understanding, knowledge, and wisdom are long-term processes that require reflection on our part. We gain our wisdom in life, not only by experiencing it, but also by reflecting and meditating on what our experiences have taught us. And in the case of those who believe as I do, what God is trying to teach us.

Such reflections allow us to act more prudently toward life. There appears to be a tension between reflection and action, two poles of existence, between which we are always navigating. Sometimes we have to take decided action; other times we have to find rest, be still, and wait things out. Such navigation appears to be a riddle of life we are always seeking to solve. One of Solomon’s stated reasons for writing the Proverbs was so that readers could gain understanding of the wise and their riddles.

So what can I impart to my students and clients? A Solomon, I am not. But I can encourage the people I work with to pursue and acquire wisdom. I don’t possess it so as to offer it externally to anyone in a nutshell. It’s an internal pursuit. I am on the same path as my students, interns, and clients. Hopefully, our pursuit of wisdom can transform the way we sit with our clients, who are people struggling just as we struggle, people striving, as we do, to get through life with as clear of a picture as can be mustered. The spiritual dimension and quest for personal meaning in our human interactions are at the forefront of these pursuits and struggles. But we must be aware that such struggles and tensions take place on a spiritual plane. And as we navigate between action and reflection, we must take what we learn from this process to navigate the similar tension between when we are active with our clients versus when we we rest with them in the midst of ambiguity and the unknown. As I stated above, this is not only a navigation that our students and interns are seeking to scull through; all of us, regardless of how long we’ve worked in this field, or what stage of life we’re in, know this tension. We experience the pulls, doubts, and confusion that exist within us, as well as our clients. Although we possess techniques and knowledge of interventions we can use with clients, we also possess our human experiences that have led to our reflective growth that life is for learning, and learning is for life. Preferably, we do not leave what we have gleaned through life’s struggles at the door when we enter the counseling room.

John V. Jones, Jr., Ph.D., LPC-S/January 14, 2014

GENERAL ESSAY

December 16, 2013 by J. V. Jones, Jr.

The Financial World: Personal Values and Skills

[Key Words: finances, financial skills, demands of life, making a living]

Introduction

In the world of counseling today, talking about one’s finances is almost a hush-hush experience, where some counselors might confess that they talk about the filthy lucre behind closed doors. Having taught at the university level for a number or years, I have had more than several students approach me, almost apologetically, with concerns about making a living as a counselor. It is as if such a thought should never cross the mind of one wanting to enter the career world of psychotherapy. Additionally, I have lost count of family members, friends, numerous clients, and acquaintances who had major concerns regarding their finances. Given today’s climate of recession, bankruptcy, government bailouts, inflation, and credit expansion problems, why would we think that people’s finances would not fall front-and-center of their concerns? From an existential perspective, people’s finances belong to the personal dimension. Moreover, while society, the group or the herd might have rules concerning how people think about money, from my perspective, such decisions involve freedom and responsibility on the part of each individual.

Beliefs about finances, like many other aspects of our lives, are grounded in our values, values of which we may be aware or unaware. Finances speak to our ability to continue our work, and to a degree as to whether we succeed or fail, not so much as a measuring stick, but to our ability to carry on our work the way we desire. The financial world is a reality that makes demands on us, as Viktor Frankl would phrase it. To face and deal with that reality does not mean that we need to make money our ultimate value. But we do need a sound understanding of what it means to make a living and to develop skills around money. I want to address two issues in this essay: 1) the finances of the therapist as a legitimate concern; 2) the importance of talking with clients about financial problems.

The Right to Earn a Living

For some reason, many counselors enter the field with the experience that thoughts regarding making a decent income for themselves and family produce guilt trips. After all, is it not true that one of the fundamental values for the counseling profession is altruism? Let me say something up front that might shock many of my colleagues in the counseling world: I am not an altruist. However, that fact has little to nothing to do with my concern for others’ well being and the empathy I can have toward them. I have a strong desire to see people achieve fulfilling lives for themselves and to do well in life – in other words, to carve out the good life for themselves as they see it. As one who approaches counseling philosophically, I believe that one of the most important questions that individuals can ask revolves around the kind of lives they want to live. My approach to counseling challenges people to take stock of their lives. What do they want in life? Are they clear as to what values they hold? Are they living in alignment with those values to which they claim to adhere? And what skills do they need to develop to create the kind of life they want for themselves? To explore such questions, one cannot avoid discussing work, career, or making a living, however one desires to phrase it. Financial stability is an important and worthy goal that people pursue. As any worthy goal, it requires constant development and acquisition of skills, discipline, understanding, and wisdom. As we discuss financial matters and concerns with our clients, we too, as counselors, must come to grips with financial challenges for our lives.

One of the existential writers and therapists who has influenced my thinking is the Logotherapist, Viktor Frankl. Frankl, due to his experiences, emphasizes an idea that somewhat contrast our age of entitlement. He asks people to consider the question what life demands of them. I know in our present zeitgeist, where major financial firms are bailed out by the taxpayers, and we witness so-called successful people seek avenues to avoid the choices they have made, we would prefer to demand from life rather than meet the demands of life. For some, Frankl’s challenge may sound too objectivist, but I don’t believe it is. Some might believe that such a perspective privileges a particular view of reality over another, but I believe that notion is short-sighted. I will say plainly – if one believes that he or she can pursue a private practice in therapy and not consider what it takes to make a living, then a cold, harsh, financial reality will come crashing down on such naiveté. One might think it would be better if such concerns were not part of life. But aside from utopias, the fact of the matter is that resources are scarce. People will choose how to allocate those resources, and that includes their choice as to whether or not to engage therapy. Having insurance does not necessarily alter that choice or the need to choose how one should properly allocate his or her resources.

Consequently, therapists must consider what they offer clients, how much they charge particular clients, and how they assess whether or not what they offer is serving clients well. All these concerns go hand-in-hand with being an entrepreneur. And whether beginning practitioners like it or not, if a private practice is their target goal, then they had best be entrepreneurial in spirit. Counselors need to realize that there is nothing wrong with considering it important to deal with questions about financial matters, and that there is everything right about wanting to succeed both professionally and financially at what they do. In fact, if they do not succeed financially, then they will less likely possess the means to offer their services to those who need and desire them. More importantly, counselors, like anyone else, need, individually, to struggle with the questions as to what kind of life they want to live, how they wish to engage life, and how their values impact the way that want to work and make a living.

Life makes demands on us. There are no utopias. Being a private practitioner demands certain skills that we must develop – financial skills, organization skills, marketing skills, and communication skills that inform prospective clients what we have to offer. Our relationships to clients are important, but they are, nonetheless, professional as well as therapeutic. As a private practitioner, we have the right to labor at earning a living. (I did not say we have the right to make a living; we have the right to try to earn a living. We may indeed fail at that pursuit.) We have the right to offer our services in a market that will sustain what we have to offer. We need not experience any guilt concerning our professional endeavors to succeed. Nor does anyone own our skills. As private practitioners and licensed counselors, we have studied, trained, and continue to develop our skills. We do not owe our skills to anyone at their discretion. Simultaneously, we can offer our skills to those in need based on their situation and abilities to seek our services. Negotiating and navigating such professional decisions are a part of life and make up the myriad of choices we all make day-in and day-out. Licensed counselors are entering a competitive market. Economic times now demand belt-tightening. How we offer our services and communicate the importance of what we offer will go a long way in helping us continually connect with a clientele that desires to seek us out. If counselors feel guilty about making a living, they will face a difficult time in carving out a place for themselves to offer their skills to those who desire and need them.

Clients search for YOU as a professional. Make sure you have what it takes to be one.

Clients and Their Finances

It seems as though one of the great taboos, to hear practitioners talk, is to discuss with clients their concerns about – shall I whisper it – money (shhh!!). As I stated above, I know very few people who have not struggled with financial concerns at some time in their lives. Presently, we exist in a culture of debt. Over the years, I have talked with numerous people – family, colleagues, friends, and clients – all of whom have struggled with debt and over-spending. Once again, I turn to Frankl’s dictum: life makes certain demands on us. One of the basic themes of existential thought is freedom and responsibility. When we make certain choices, consequences ensue. If we spend more than we make, then we end up paying for it in ways we did not intend. Along with a culture of debt, we also have a culture bathed in immediate gratification. In fact, these two outlooks on life go hand-in-hand. From what I have seen in working with people, delayed gratification is a task that is difficult to learn. (And I include my own experiences in that cultural assessment. I had to work my way out of $40, 000 dollars of credit-card debt.)

One of the things I am aware of as someone who approaches life from an existential framework, is the tendency we have to blame others for our circumstances. Although I am not defending all the practices of credit card companies, they nor anyone else held a gun to my head, forcing me to spend myself into a large amount of debt. I could wish the world to be make up otherwise, but it is not. (Today, I could possibly petition the taxpayers to bail me out of that kind of debt; but that would be the ultimate in existential bad faith!) Consequently, in talking with clients about the choices they make, I think it is extremely important not to avoid talking to them about money when the subject emerges – as it often does. One of the services that I ultimately want to provide is to help people get out of debt. I am not, nor do I want to be, a certified or licensed financial planner, but I am building a referral list of good ones out there to whom I can refer clients. But one of the things about which I can talk with clients, as one who has walked in their shoes, is about the skills it takes to become debt-free. I have recently purchased some books by Dave Ramsey, who has helped a large number of people escape the chains of debt. I think people in debt would do well to work and train with him.

Part of the good life is financial stability, like it or not. Resources are scarce. How one allocates one’s resources is a skill set that needs constant development. How one thinks about money is important to one’s existence, and financial savvy is an important skill to develop and apply to living. It’s an important skill, not because money should rule us, but for the very reason that it should not rule us. When people are in debt, money can easily rule them and become their only focus and worry in life. Skillful and wise living regarding finances does not mean that money must rule one’s life; however, such skills can mean that money never has to rule one’s life.

Conclusion

As I close this essay, I want to make the claim that finances and our beliefs and values around money contribute heavily to how we pursue the kind of life we want. Consequently, discussions about money are real life discussions, both for therapists and for clients. We should determine how we want to make a living and how we relate to our various clients who possess diverse means for paying or our services.

In making such a claim, however, I want to clarify what I have not said. In this politically-correct age where rhetoric is king, I can already hear and feel the words being stuffed into my mouth that I never once uttered nor intended to utter. One, I do not think that money should be the ultimate goal for pursuing any kind of work or endeavor. In fact, from the perspective of my values, the love of money can lead us to become lost as to what we are truly about and the real successes that follow from embracing who we are individually. How one relates to money as a goal, however, is an individual choice. Two, although I do not embrace the philosophy of altruism and notions about the common good as it is espoused these days, that fact does not mean I do not care for other people’s well-being, or that I do not have the desire to see others fare well in life as they pursue it. Indeed, one of my inwardly, satisfying experiences is to see people pursue their personal meaning in life and find their place in life’s journey, as we all seek to do. I also believe that if we develop skills around spending and saving, we will have more to give to those in need as they cross our paths. Whether we give or not is a matter of individual values and choices. As any choice, it has consequences. I believe giving can inspire our spirit, as long as it is not coerced or done to alleviate some guilt trip we have experienced around money. Third, I believe we should find ways to work with clients who are financially strapped. If we each do that as individual practitioners, I think we can meet many individual’s needs as we encounter them. And finally, I am not saying that money or income should be something that rules every decision we make. Nor am I saying that money is the measure of success. In fact, I firmly believe that if we develop skills around finances, money will become less of a concern, as indeed it should be, at least in my hierarchy of values.

Life makes demands on us. Skills revolving around finances and a healthy view of money are a couple of those demands. We could wish otherwise, and find ourselves at the mercy of bad decisions regarding money. Or we can engage the demands of living, and learn to live life skillfully, which at least involves the choice of intelligently and wisely deciding how we want to make a living and use our money. We have bills to pay, mouths to feed, and a future where we grow old and possibly cannot work the way we do in our younger years. No one else can make choices for us regarding those realities. If you want to be an altruist, that is fine; but do not fall victim to other people’s altruism and the rules they will have for you regarding money or success. That is something each individual must carve out for him or herself.

I have been on the other side of bad decisions about money. Presently, I am on the opposite side; I hope I never go back.

John V. Jones, Jr., Ph.D., LPC-S/December 15, 2013

GENERAL ESSAY

November 15, 2013 by J. V. Jones, Jr.

The Demands of Life: Some Reflections upon Another Reading of Viktor Frankl

[Key Words: Viktor Frankl, Logotherapy, search for meaning, demands of life]

Introduction

Most of us have probably faced situations in life with which we would rather have not had to deal. I know people who have encountered difficulties that I cannot fathom. Cancer survivors, people with heart conditions or degenerative diseases that have disabled their mobility, and victims of debilitating and life-altering accidents all make the list. In my role as a counselor, I have worked with victims of violent crime, sitting with individuals who had lost loved ones to homicide. I have worked with one individual who lost her daughter to suicide while she sat inebriated, not knowing her daughter was dying in the room next to hers. I have heard stories of individuals who have lost their businesses, all their savings, not having the foggiest notion of where they were heading for the future. And in response to each of those experiences, the haunting doubts from the depths of my soul always emerged in the shape of a resounding question: Could I handle what they have gone through? What I do know is that I would rather not have to find out. Yet many times, life calls on us to learn lessons along paths we otherwise would not choose to travel.

The Challenge

One of my heroes (for lack of a better term – and I’m fairly certain he would not relish being called a hero) is Viktor Frankl. Known as an author of many books, perhaps his most well-known work is Man’s Search for Meaning. In that work he details many of his horrifying experiences in Auschwitz and Dachau, unfathomable hells that predictably leads readers to think there is absolutely no way they could have survived what he endured. Yet in that soul baring work, Frankl poses an alarming challenge, one today that I believe our culture may not be prepared to engage – “It is not what you demand of life that matters, but what life demands of you.”

The question begs other questions: What are the demands of life? How can they be described? How can we be aware that they are upon us? I believe deeply that there are no simple, objective answers to these questions. Demands of living are not experiences that necessarily can be quantified for everyone. I feel strongly that we can address these questions as a dialogue with others, or a monologue with ourselves, or perhaps in meditation and prayer, only in a qualitative way. And I think the questions, themselves, perhaps get at a deeper question that lies behind them: Can I carve out a full and enriched life, no matter what sinuous paths the vicissitudes of living take? Or more to the point: When I face unsuspected challenges, losses, and pain, hove I got what it takes to work through such experiences?

Inevitable Suffering

The crux of Frankl’s challenge revolves around how we deal with inevitable suffering that comes with living. We all suffer on some level, and while it’s a human trait to compare people’s suffering, such comparisons miss the boat altogether. A person’s suffering belongs to that person alone. And although, from the outside, it may appear that one person’s suffering is not as great as another’s, each person must deal with her or his own suffering. No doubt we can learn from how others face suffering, hence the impact of Frankl’s book for over six decades now. But how we face our own individual suffering is our road, a path that belongs to us alone. Whether or not we like it, or whether or not we want to believe it, diverse levels of struggle and suffering, the ominous fear of the cloud of unknowing, and various types of losses and pain are all a part of our experience with living. And equally whether or not we like it, how we face those experiences develop and contribute to our depth of character, in terms of courage, integrity, and authenticity. I say this, desperately emulating the words of Kierkegaard, in fear and trembling. I would prefer not to believe what I just wrote. I would prefer not to believe that suffering is inevitable. I would prefer not to believe that how I deal with suffering contributes to the make up of my character. I would prefer not to have to face the awful demands of life, awful in the sense that although at times such struggles can be terrible, they are also awesome in the sense that they are prodigious, overwhelming, and fearful. They can be awesome, as well, in that they are amazing, wonderful, and beautiful. We see both these aspects of the awful encounter in Frankl’s rendering of his concentration camp experiences. There is the absolute horror of Auschwitz and Dachau, but the beauty of Frankl’s victorious survival, his search for meaning, and the impact of his Logotherapy. Man’s Search for Meaning is a work that depicts awful terror along side awe-inspiring courage and beauty.

Fruit without the Labor

When I first read Frankl’s work, I was awe-struck at how he not only survived the camps, but also how he constructed meaning through his experiences. I found myself in that Sartrean script of inauthenticity in which I desired to be where Frankl landed without having to go through the journey he took to arrive there. However, we don’t arrive where Frankl, or anyone else for that matter, arrives in wellbeing without having to do the traveling. Obviously, struggling through life challenges in a way that leads to growth doesn’t mean that we all have to go through the horrors of Nazi concentration camps, or that we even have to face, as many have, life-threatening experiences to become aware of what is important in life. Yet taking on the demands of life does mean that we must find a way to face those struggles that do come our way, whatever they may be for us individually. I believe we are steeped in a culture today in which we (I include myself here) want the good life without confronting the demands that life places on us. We want the personal growth, character, courage, and integrity apart from the experiences in living by which such traits are forged. We want victory, achievement, and success without effort, setbacks, and the work that goes into such accomplishments. Hence, our views of such endeavors are shallow. It’s questionable whether or not we truly understand accomplishment, achievement, and success. Today, the measures by which we assess such milestones render them as anything but a milestone.

What Life Demands of Us

So how do we know when we are facing those experiences where life calls on us to be more than what and who we are at the moment? We will know, most likely, when we’re frustrated, tired, feeling defeated, perhaps bound by hopelessness, and see no way out of our struggles. We will know when we realize that time might be the major factor that will get us through the struggles we are facing rather than a quick, easy fix. And then again, we may not realize we have gone through such struggles until we have, in fact, worked through them. We realize them when upon reflection, we look back and say something like: That was tough; don’t want to do it again, but I learned a lot about myself from it. In a word, life demands growth, our continued becoming. It calls upon us to personally and inwardly grow from the moment we take our first breath to that moment we take our last. It may be a frightening sign, indeed, when people within a culture want life to be easy and struggle-free, desiring quick answers when problems do surface. It may be a telling sign when achievement and success is measured by celebrity-hood. It may be a tragic sign when people place demands on life rather than face what life demands.

Conclusion

I’m cautious that my contemplations upon Viktor Frankl’s, Man’s Search for Meaning, not be misread or misinterpreted. What I have stated here might lead some to think that life requires suffering, and that we should hope for it to come so as to provide growth for us. In contrast, Frankl warns people not to seek out suffering, which he considers masochistic. Suffering, on some level, most likely will come our way, so we don’t have to go in search for it. The search is for meaning when we find ourselves dealing with some form of suffering. Likewise, what I have said here might easily be construed by some as a call to man-up, get tough, and stand alone. To some degree, I do not totally disagree with some of that sentiment. However, facing the tough demands that life sends our way doesn’t mean that we have to go through our struggles alone, that we don’t have doubts, and that we never feel like we want to give up. It doesn’t mean that we never feel weak and lost at times. Life is a struggle, is the first line in M. Scott Peck’s book, The Road Less Traveled. Frankl’s, Man’s Search for Meaning, is one explication of what a life-struggle looks like. The depiction of his experiences and how he emerged from them portray a man from whom we can learn. The struggle to take on what life demands of us, above all, calls for us continually to reflect upon and to embrace what we claim to value and believe at our core, so as vigilantly to be aware that we live out those core values and beliefs moment-by-moment within our life’s journey.

John V. Jones, Jr., Ph.D., LPC-S/November 15, 2013

GENERAL ESSAY

October 12, 2013 by J. V. Jones, Jr.

An Existential Approach to Counseling: What Is It About?

[Key Words: philosophical approach, taking stock of life, anxiety, exploration of values, death/finitude, isolation & relationships, meaning & purpose, the four dimensions]

Introduction

The following essay delineates ten points that people can consider when embracing an existential approach to counseling. People hear the word existentialism, and often wonder what it is all about. It sounds so academic, perhaps high-brow, or bespeaks of esoteric discussions in philosophical circles, cafes, or coffee shops. The following discussion simply outlines in broad strokes some of the exploratory paths an existential approach to counseling can take.

I. A Philosophical Approach

Existential psychotherapy, rather than being an approach based on a medical model that addresses clients in terms of diagnoses and cure, is a philosophical approach that asks and challenges clients to explore what they want their lives to be about, how they would like to live, and how they would like to make changes in the way they are living now. As a philosophical approach, clients are not asked to be academic philosophers, but are encouraged to ask questions about what they like and do not like about their lives so as to make the kinds of changes they want to make.

II. Contemplative

A. Taking Stock of Life

If clients are asked to explore ways they would want to make changes, then they should be comfortable with the fact that existential psychotherapy is a contemplative endeavor. Psychotherapy can become that time and space that individuals set aside to step back from daily routines and reflect on what their lives are about. From an existential perspective, clients can take stock of their lives and decide what they like and what changes they want to make. An existential approach engages clients as though they are responsible for how they shape their lives.

B. Exploration of Values

One important avenue that individuals can explore as their taking stock of their lives involves the values that they claim to hold and by which they declare to live. Psychotherapy can help individuals clarify whether or not the values they claim to hold are in fact their values. Many times people may come to realize that the values they espouse are really not ones by which they would choose to live. They may discover that some values they have always claimed to believe are ones, instead, they have inculcated from their family, social milieu, or culture in which they live. Psychotherapy becomes a process by which people can decide what they truly value.

III. Existential Anxiety

If people seek to take stock of their lives, explore their values, and simply take the time to contemplate life, then such decisions can bring on anxiety. Existential anxiety revolves around the fact that people are responsible for making choices for their lives. If a person does not like the course by which his or her life has taken, is he or she willing to make necessary changes to alter that course? Such a decision involves taking risks, making choices, and being responsible for those choices. If people conclude that the values by which they are trying to live are, in fact, not ones they have truly chosen, then they are faced with a decision. They must choose either to go on living in an inauthentic way, or to live authentically by stepping into the values they would choose for themselves. Again, such a decision involves the anxiety that comes with being responsible for one’s choices and one’s course of life. Some people enter psychotherapy not fully understanding the day-to-day anxiety they experience and from where it emanates. Existentialists tend to believe that one of the toughest decisions that people make is to become their authentic selves.

IV. Death/Finitude

The ultimate limiting situation that people face is their finitude, the fact that one day they will die, along with the fact that they do not know when that time will come. Rather than being a morbid preoccupation, the topic of one’s death or finitude highlights the limited time one has on this side of life. Hence, it behooves people to live fully, to know what they want from life, what they in fact value,, and live toward the end they set for themselves. Time is of the essence. And sometimes people enter psychotherapy, perhaps believing that they are wasting their time away and want to seek a more fulfilling life. Perhaps they believe that they have lived their lives according to the dictates of others rather than exercising the freedom they have to shape their own lives. Or perhaps they believe they have lived their lives overcautiously, not taking risks and going after the kind of life they would prefer to live.

V. Existential Isolation & Relationships

All people face the important choice of how they would like to related to others. Relating, particularly on an intimate level, involves risk and vulnerability. People tend to search for ways to navigate pulling back from relationships to stay safe on the one hand, while, on the other hand, risking the vulnerability to know and be known. Such tension appears to be part of living. Existential isolation, however, involves more than mere interpersonal isolation. There is a sense that we are all alone on some level, in that no one can decide our lives for us, what values we should hold, or what choices we should make for our lives. So even the choice to relate or how to relate is one that people have to make for themselves. To abdicate this responsibility and hand decisions for our lives over to others is, in fact, a choice that has consequences like any other choice. Abdication of personal responsibility for living usually results in consequences that are dire for the abdicator. Many people enter psychotherapy dealing with interpersonal loneliness, only to also find that they have a difficult time learning to be alone with themselves. An existential approach can help individuals explore how they might navigate the tensions between the desire to relate and the need to recognize our existential isolation.

VI. Meaning and Purpose

To deal with questions of meaning and purpose in one’s life can bring about a multitude of reactions. For some individuals, the question is exhilarating, and one about which they are passionate; they desire with all their fiber to answer the questions of personal meaning and purpose. For others, the questions of meaning and purpose in their lives are frightening ones; many times they would rather avoid the question altogether. But the haunting question of what our lives are all about swirls in the back of our minds, and at times emerges with full force to produce emotions and to lead us to evaluate honestly our ways of living. Do I have some kind of understanding as to why I am here, and what I am to do with the life given me? At times, people enter psychotherapy to explore that very question. Although the question creates anxiety in our lives, from an existential perspective, it is an all-important question with which to struggle, and a question about which we should come to conclusions.

VII. Freedom and Responsibility

If it were up to most of us, at least part if not most of the time, I think we would pass the responsibility for our decisions, indeed our entire lives, off to someone else. At least that’s the way it seems at times. It’s easier that way. However, from an existential perspective, choices have consequences. The tendency of our culture today is to blame others for our predicaments. We blame society, our parents, politicians, and who knows what or whom else. Taking responsibility for one’s choices is an important theme in existentialism. Freedom and responsibility does not mean that things don’t happen to us over which we have little to no control. In fact, one key point of existentialism is the need to recognize that there is much more that is out of our control in our lives than is in our control. It’s rather hubris-filled to believe otherwise. However, as Viktor Frankl held, the one thing in our control is our attitude toward life and what it brings our way. Many times people enter therapy with an excessively blaming attitude; or they feel frozen and fearful of making choices and living out where those choices may take them. There is no guarantee that we will not make some bad or wrong choices for our lives; however, we can learn from our failures as well as our successes, but only if we embrace the responsibility for those choices within our power to make. How we respond to the storms of life is as important as how we respond to times of smooth sailing.

VIII. Self/Identity

Who am I? Many people find the task to describe who they are a difficult one. We tend in our culture to use our career as one marker for our identity – I’m a professor, I’m a banker, I’m an architect, etc. The loss of self is prevalent today in our culture; some question whether there is such a thing as a self. From an existential perspective, this indeed is a loss. I’m alway intrigued by the claim that our culture is too individualistic. I believe we live in an age of collectivism and conformity as much as any time in our culture’s history. Many people enter therapy because they simply do not know who they are. They have lost that line between what values they hold and what others have told them to value. Existential therapy can help people explore who they are, and how they want to live. From the perspective of existentialism, the confusion over whether or not a self exists lies in the search for a solid, unified self. Existentialists hold that the self is always in process. Our understanding of ourselves is always evolving and growing. The existential emphasis is not on static being, but on the self-evolutionary process of becoming.

IX. Time

People come into therapy living in various dimensions of time, either captured by their past or enslaved to some idealistic view of the future, both of which prevents them from living in the here-and-now. No doubt, time is an important factor in our development and the planning of our lives. But some people believe that they cannot live the kind of lives they want because of their past. Other people put off living their lives for some future Nirvana they believe will unfold toward some perfect, utopian life. Navigating time is an important skill for living, both in learning from our past experiences and skillfully planning for our future endeavors. However, both the past and the future can lay claim to our living in the present in a way that robs us of living altogether. Existential psychotherapy helps clients understand that they live in time, but that time is always unfolding, making life a continuous process. Living in the past, or becoming lost in the future is no way to live.

X. The Four Dimensions

I will discuss the four dimensions of existential exploration in another article. Let it suffice here for me to say that in my work, I draw on the conceptualization offered by Emmy van Deurzen and her work within the British School of Existential psychotherapy. From this perspective, existential work involves engaging the dimensions of the physical, social, personal, and spiritual. I seek to work holistically, integrating these various dimensions of living. Whether one is struggling with somatic concerns, relationships, personal questions of identity, or spiritual/religious concerns, nothing is off limits for existential work. Are you dealing with bodily and chronic pain, eating concerns? Are you struggling with relationships? Are you trying to decide what you want your life to be all about and what you truly value? Are you dealing with concerns that you consider spiritual in nature? Are you struggling with your relationship with God, or beliefs about God? All these concerns fall within the purview of an existential approach.

Conclusion

These ten points merely scratch the surface on all that existential literature touches. Likewise, these ten points or themes are interconnected. Exploring self/identity will invariably lead people to take stock of their lives, interpersonal relationships, and personal values. Explorations of meaning and purpose connect all the themes that existentialists might explore in various ways. The choices we make, how we navigate time, develop intimacy, and the manner in which we face anxieties brought on by living will lead to various contemplations about our personal lives, others, and God – about all the things we say we believe and value. Existentialism is about existence. That is, existentialism is about living.

John V. Jones, Jr., Ph.D., LPC-S/October 13, 2013

PROFESSIONAL COUNSELING

September 14, 2013 by J. V. Jones, Jr.

Transitions: Age and Retirement

[Key Words: age, retirement, transitions, four dimensions, time, finitude]

[This is the first of a series of articles I intend to write regarding various transitions we face in our lives. Besides Age & Retirement, other transitions include such experiences as marriage/divorce, changing/losing jobs, entering/exiting the job market for the first time, and then facing our own finitude, be it through the death of a loved one, or staring in the face of our remaining years. I will discuss how an existential approach to life can address transitions in living.]

Introduction: Transitions in the Flow of Life

At 65 years old, I’m beginning to understand the full force of what it means when people say, “Life is about transitions.” Fortunately, or unfortunately (perhaps both), I’m also beginning to understand what people mean when they talk about how they now realize what lessons for living they have missed along the way. And finally, rather than getting stuck on the fact that I have missed lessons along life’s path, I’m beginning to understand the potency of the statement, “Time starts now.” I wish it hadn’t taken me so many years to realize some of the things I will discuss in this article, but I have a feeling that such time-learned lessons are part of living. So it has taken me years to realize some things. To accept such facts rather than deny them is another important lesson for living.

We all face transitions in life and continual opportunities to learn lessons about living, particularly lessons about pursuing and carving out the kind of life we desire for ourselves. As a counselor, I have come to believe that the thrust of counseling is about helping people come to grips with who they are, determining how they want to live, and finding ways to navigate the many transitions they face in life, learning lessons and making meaning of all these experiences along the way. In short, I view counseling as a journey with clients as they figure out for themselves how to achieve a fulfilling life.

Transitions in our lives come about for a variety of reasons. We may choose them, or they may be thrust upon us through events out of our control. Even when we choose them, we may be thrown headlong into experiences we didn’t anticipate. How we make sense of these transitions and imbue them with meaning contribute to how well we will navigate them and work through them. These experiences represent the many struggles of living. Sometimes they are minor struggles; other times they are major ones. Without intending to delineate an objective list of transitions, I want to discuss how an existential approach to counseling can enable clients to work through some of the recurring transitions that people tend to encounter and bring into the counseling room. . This first article of an intended series that I have entitled, Transitions, focuses on age and retirement.

Exploring the Meaning of Age and Retirement

We value work in our culture. At a core level, many people view career as a major part of their identity. “I’m an accountant . . . a teacher . . . a doctor . . . etc,” are statements we hear constantly, and ones we have most likely said about ourselves to others. Productivity is a core value associated with work and career. [Although most of us would not distinguish work from career, for some people work is a way to get by and pay bills while they pursue other things in life more important to them. Their career may entail fulfilling activities for which they do not get paid.] No one likes to believe or feel on some level that he or she is unproductive. Moreover, many of us pursue a career in order to contribute , make a difference, or establish some kind of legacy. For others, work is a means to the end of pursuing more fulfilling experiences. Whatever the role work and career fulfill for us, when we face that time when we will no longer be working and producing as we have been, we cannot help but encounter a major transition in our lives. Some people navigate this transition rather seamlessly, having planned well along the way. Other people find that retirement and growing older is an event that they never saw as being just around the corner. They turn one of those many perceived endless corners of life, and there it is: I’m 65 years old.

What the hell happens to time? Time is a major theme in existential thought. What have I done with my time? How much time do I have left? Why is it that I never seem to have enough time? These are common questions or thoughts that people have about the ominous presence of time. We are not only ensconced in space, but we are embedded in time as well. Consequently, individuals enter counseling to deal with the struggle of what this transition will mean for them. They may state their struggle in terms of, “If I’m not a productive person, then what good am I?” Or they may ponder the notion, “Since I’ve been working all these years, I have no idea what I’m going to do with my time now.”

Age, Retirement, and the Four Dimensions of Existential Psychotherapy

The experience of growing older and retiring from work can be conceptualized along all four dimensions of existential therapy, as delineated by Emmy van Deurzen. In the physical realm, age takes a toll on us in that we cannot do the things we used to do. At 65, I can vouch for that. Those pick-up touch football games ceased many years ago. Although I can still work a twelve-to-fourteen hour day, it takes much more out of me than it used to. I have always had a love for driving. I would drive to other cities in other states just to visit them, taking in a twelve to thirteen hour driving day. I no longer can do that, nor can I any longer go on four hours of sleep and get up and face the day full of energy. Moreover, as our fall and winter years approach, we will most likely face some health concerns. So the physical realm definitely raises its unwanted head as we age. Existential therapy helps people come to grips with this physical reality.

In the social arena, age and retirement impact us no less than in the physical dimension. Relationships change; some relationships, such as co-worker relations, might end altogether. Spending more time at home throws spouses or significant others into a different daily routine. Being together more hours of the day presents a transition that people must learn to navigate. If one member of a couple continues to work, that individual may have to deal with the emotional fallout experienced by the retired loved one. Tighter budgets mean that people may not be able to do all the activities they had previously enjoyed. Finances (another issue altogether, no matter what people’s age happens to be) are a constant point of concern and can threaten a family’s wellbeing during later years. Families change, friendships change, activities change, – life altogether changes as people age and retire from their pursued work or careers.

The arena of the personal dimension is the one that most likely takes the hardest hit during this transition. As I stated previously, people in our culture attach meaning, purpose, value, and personal fulfillment to their work or career. All of us have heard that damning phrase, out to pasture. No one likes or agrees that such an epitaph should, like an albatross, be hung around anyone’s neck who has reached retirement. The phrase is an insult. Nonetheless, on a personal level, many of us struggle with what our retirement years mean. And given the cultural value of work, we can’t help but question our personal value if we are no longer producing. Value, identity, and personal meaning can take a severe blow during this transition if we accept as paramount the cultural value placed on youth and productivity.

The spiritual dimension speaks more directly to meaning making, and trying to make sense of our lives as we approach retirement is a meaning-making activity. Indeed, much of therapy may revolve around the struggle of how clients will interpret this time of their lives. Many people, as in all areas of their lives, will bring their religious and/or spiritual values to bear on this experience to help them navigate it. Through counseling, clients can also draw on their spiritual beliefs to help them find strength during this time of their lives. They may, in fact, explore the question: How can I make this transition a time of opportunity rather than one of restricted living? Although age and retirement may mean an end to certain experiences, there is no reason that this transition should mean simply an end. People can view this time of life as a path to explore rather than an existence that has corralled them.

Moreover, this timeframe for our existence can be a fruitful time for people to take stock and reflect on their lives, the many lessons they have learned along the way, and how even the ones they missed have served them somehow. Such reflection may involve some pain and disappointment, but, as well, it can also bring about joy and fulfillment. Taking stock of our lives is a major theme in existential therapy. At times I personally experience the thought that I would like to go back to my younger years, knowing what I know now. Not only does such a fantasy rob life of its learning, but it also cheats life, as well, of living. Such a dream speaks to the age old desire to capture lost time, learning lessons at a time we would have preferred to learn them, or, even worse, wanting a life where there is no struggle, which is the very experience that generates our learning and personal growth. Such a desire misses the point that time starts now. The Christian mystic, Thomas A’ Kempis, in his renowned work, The Imitation of Christ, wisely stated, “When you think of those things you would have done earlier in life but didn’t do them, do them now.” Such an understanding of living does not mean that we do not have a past that impacts us. But it does mean that we can waste the remaining time we do have by thinking that somehow we can alter our past, or even worse, pining over how we wish our past would have been different.

Age, Retirement and the Specter of Death

And finally, coming to grips with this time of life brings us to the theme that is ever hauntingly present in our existence. Aging and diminishing capacities mean that we are approaching that mysterious experience that poses many questions but few answers. We are all going to die. And although this theme cuts across the various dimensions of existence, we tend to grapple with it along personal and spiritual means. At 65 years of age, and given the thrown-ness of my humanity, family history, and genetics, I realize that more than three-quarters of my life is done. This is not a transition that I relish to contemplate. Yet, though we would rather avoid the subject altogether, life calls on us to reflect on such realities. Paraphrasing the Logotherapist, Viktor Frankl, what matters is not what we demand of life, but what life demands of us. How do we want to approach these final years? Do we quail under the weight of our destinies? Or do we continue to live fully to the finish? These challenges, questions, and struggles are ones we face ourselves, and as therapists, we can sit with our clients as they face them as well.

Conclusion

There are many other ways to view and navigate the transition of age and retirement. First, who says one MUST retire? Some people may choose to work until they finish. Nor does retirement have to mean that productivity ceases. There are a multitude of ways to be productive in addition to one’s career. Moreover, there are a multitude of ways to understand productivity. As difficult as it may seem, a conversation about this transition is not merely for people approaching retirement age. Talking about this transition to younger people can help them begin to think about how they want to enter their autumn years. Although nothing can be perfectly predicted and planned for, there is a place for thinking about one’s latter years earlier in life. That is one of those lessons of life I wish I had learned at an earlier age. Yet at the same time, to excessively ruminate about such things can freeze people up rather than propelling them to live. How we come to grips with our final destiny can either weigh us down or enliven us. More importantly, the thought of coming to grips with our humanity and its finitude should free us to live NOW. To pine away and constantly commiserate on the fact that we’re going to die equates to a waste of time and living.

Age and retirement represent one of the many types of transitions that individuals face in life. People can engage a contemplative and reflective approach to counseling, such as an existential approach, to help them navigate this transition in more fulfilling ways. There are no guarantees that all people will face this transition in a healthy and fulfilling manner. But the opportunity for them to do so is there if they choose to explore and leave open the many options by which people can embrace life. Whether or not they retire from their career, people can choose to push on, the best way they can, to a fulfilling finish.

John V. Jones, Jr., Ph.D., LPC-S/September 14, 2013

PROFESSIONAL COUNSELING: Transitions

August 1, 2013 by J. V. Jones, Jr.

What Is Existential Psychotherapy?

[Key Words: existentialism, contemplation, action, values, value system, angst, decision point, commitment, courage]

Introduction

What does an existential approach to counseling entail? Existentialism is one of those half-dollar words that produces images of the halls of academia, philosophers sitting in their study, or men and women having coffee in Parisian cafes. What I offer here is one – my – perspective on trying to answer the question of what existential counseling involves. My answer to the question, What is existential psychotherapy?, is one of many. There is no one way to work existentially in counseling.

Existntialism Is about Existence

The approach I take, as a therapist, is fairly simple, straightforward, and concrete. From my perspective, existentialism is about existence. Existence is about our lives, about living our lives, making decisions about our lives, exploring meaning for our lives, striving to establish our values, and making a commitment to live by the values that we claim to hold.

Explorations along these lines can, and will, involve the many angles and perspectives with which we approach living. It may sound simple to answer the question: What are my values? However, as we delve into our understanding of what we claim to value, we may find that the answers do not flow from us so easily. We value many things. We may never have reflected on what our core values may be – those that we would prioritize over all other values, those that are foundational to any other values we hold. We may not have contemplated all that much on exactly what, in fact, our values are. We may have an intuitive sense of them. We may have some understanding of how some of the ways we act on life do reflect what we value. But we may have never dealt with the question of what ultimate values we claim to hold, and how they reflect the way we live. Such reflections involve our taking stock of our value system.

A Time to Reflect

Consequently, one side of an existential approach to counseling is the contemplative side. Counseling entails a place to set aside some time to explore, contemplate (reflect upon), and clarify what it is that we actually believe and value. Other reflections and explorations may arise from this process, dealing with such questions as: 1) Does the way I live my life reflect what I claim to value? 2) If not, what is it that prevents me from living in full alignment with what I say I value? 3) Have I truly followed out and pursued the kind of life I want to live? 4) Do I, in fact, truthfully value what I say I value, or have I unthinkingly inculcated values from others without owning them for myself? These and many other questions may arise in the contemplative work of an existential approach to counseling. Hence, the title of this website: Contemplations: Center for Existential Psychotherapy.

A Time to Act

Having addressed the contemplative work of existential counseling, we should not assume that such an approach merely involves sitting around and reflecting or contemplating. We must also come to grips with the other side of an existential approach that involves the equally important experience of acting. Life appears to be a dialectic between contemplation and action. It’s not that we line all our ducks up in a row, and then perfectly know what to do. The work of contemplation and action is an ongoing process. One purpose of an existential approach is to help clients ACT on what they have reflected upon and clarified. Hence, there is a decision point many times in existential work. Some existentialists call this decision point, commitment. Explorations of our values will most likely lead to our making changes in our lives. If i say I value a certain way of living, then I will commit to that way of living. If I do not make such a commitment, then I need to ask whether or not I truly value what I say I value. Consequently, existential work is a continual movement between contemplation and action. But contemplation without action can be a waste of time. People can become mired in thinking without ever acting on their thoughts and beliefs. Rather than contemplation, people fall into the habit of rumination. Existential work involves the challenge to act on what we say we believe. People enter therapy to change something in their lives. Changes do not happen most of the time without commitment to change. The only time that such inaction may make sense is when people conclude that they really do not want to change. They may have thought they wanted to change. But when they understood more fully what change entails, they decided, instead, that change is really not for them. This decision point, as any other, is a legitimate place for commitment – saying no to specific changes.

The Courage to Change

An existential approach does not proffer change as something necessarily easy and comfortable. Change can be scary and anxiety-ridden. Such anxiety is what existentialists call angst. Breaking inveterate habits is difficult work. The role of the therapist is to be a guide for the individual who wants to explore his or her life and make changes that may involve tough navigations and journeys. There are no guarantees as to what lies ahead on the road of change. One change may lead to many others. We may regret some changes, only to find other changes that are more fruitful for us. Because there are no guarantees that change will work out the way we exactly want it to, existentialists speak of the courage to change. Change involves risk and failure, as well as success. Yet many find that the risk of living in alignment with their values is worth the effort. Living in such alignment is the task of living out who we are.

Conclusion

In summary, existential work involves explorations of beliefs and values and commitment to acting on those clarified beliefs and values. Existential work may indeed involve a choice point, a decision point, at which time a person makes an effort to commit to a chosen set of values, to make a change in one’s life, to begin living by what one claims to value, or to make changes in one’s value system. And finally, there are no guarantees that change will work out as people might have pictured it to fall in place. The unknown road of change contains many curves and obstacles. But one thing we can know is that not acting will most likely not produce change. Existential work is the challenge to explore one’s life, establish one’s values, and live those values out the best way one can, with the understanding that we cannot know what both the beginning and the end of the road looks like all at once. Change, major change, requires courage.

John V. Jones, Jr., Ph.D., LPC -S/August 1, 2013

PROFESSIONAL COUNSELING

Contemplations

Worldview Analysis: A Christian Perspective

Author: J. V. Jones, Jr.

Achieving Mastery in Life

Transitions: The World of Work

Lessons from Proverbs: Acquire Wisdom

The Financial World: Personal Values and Skills

The Demands of Life: Some Reflections upon Another Reading of Viktor Frankl

An Existential Approach to Counseling: What Is It About?

Transitions: Age and Retirement

What Is Existential Psychotherapy?